American Government: Which power belongs to the Senate but not to the House of Representatives?
Approving treaties by a two-thirds vote The Constitution says the president makes treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate, and two-thirds of senators present must agree. The House has no vote on treaties. It’s one of the Senate’s special powers, along with confirming appointments.
American Government: Which Supreme Court case established the power of judicial review?
Marbury v. Madison (1803) In Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that courts can strike down a law that conflicts with the Constitution. That power, judicial review, isn’t written out in the Constitution. The Court claimed it in this case.
History of the United States I: What was the main purpose of the Federalist Papers?
To persuade people, especially in New York, to ratify the Constitution Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay wrote the Federalist Papers in 1787 and 1788. They were newspaper essays meant to win support for ratifying the new Constitution, first in New York. They explained and defended how the new government would work.
History of the United States II: What did the Supreme Court decide in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
Racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional The Court ruled unanimously that separate public schools for Black and white children are unequal by nature. That broke with Plessy v. Ferguson’s “separate but equal” rule for public education. It became a turning point for the civil rights movement.
Introductory Psychology: In Pavlov’s experiments, dogs learned to salivate when they heard a bell that had been paired with food. After learning, what is the bell?
A conditioned stimulus The bell started out neutral. It only causes salivation because it was paired with food, so it’s a learned, or conditioned, stimulus. The food is the unconditioned stimulus, and salivating to the bell is the conditioned response.
Introductory Psychology: A researcher gives one group of students coffee and another group water, then compares their memory test scores. What is the independent variable?
Whether students drink coffee or water The independent variable is the one the researcher changes on purpose. Here that’s the drink each group gets. The memory scores are the dependent variable, because they’re what gets measured to see if the drink made a difference.
Principles of Macroeconomics: The Federal Reserve wants to bring down inflation. Which open market action would it take?
Sell government bonds When the Fed sells bonds, buyers pay with money that leaves the banking system. Banks have less to lend, interest rates rise, and spending slows. Slower spending eases pressure on prices, which is what fighting inflation needs.
College Composition: Which is the best revision of this sentence? “The library closed early, students had to find another place to study.”
Because the library closed early, students had to find another place to study. The original joins two complete sentences with only a comma, which is a comma splice. Starting with “Because” turns the first part into a dependent clause, so one comma is correct. It also makes the cause and effect clear.
College Composition: A student is writing a paper on how sleep affects memory. Which source would give the strongest support?
A peer-reviewed study in a psychology journal A peer-reviewed study has been checked by other experts before it’s published, and it reports actual research data. That makes it the most reliable evidence for a claim about sleep and memory. The other options are personal opinion, sales material or unknown authors.
College Composition: You put a writer’s idea entirely into your own words in your essay. What do you need to do?
Cite the source, because the idea still came from someone else Paraphrasing changes the words but not who the idea belongs to. You still credit the original writer with a citation. Leaving it out is plagiarism, even if every word is yours.
Analyzing and Interpreting Literature: In a play, the audience knows a character is hiding behind the curtain, but the character on stage doesn’t. What is this called?
Dramatic irony Dramatic irony is when the audience knows something that a character doesn’t. It creates tension because you can see what the character is missing. Shakespeare uses it often, as in Romeo and Juliet’s ending.
College Algebra: Solve for x: 3x − 7 = 2x + 5
12 Subtract 2x from both sides to get x − 7 = 5. Then add 7 to both sides: x = 12. Check it: 3(12) − 7 = 29 and 2(12) + 5 = 29.
College Algebra: If f(x) = x² − 4x + 1, what is f(−2)?
13 Replace every x with −2. That gives (−2)² − 4(−2) + 1 = 4 + 8 + 1 = 13. Squaring a negative number gives a positive, and minus 4 times −2 is plus 8.
College Algebra: What is the inverse of f(x) = 2x + 6?
f⁻¹(x) = (x − 6)/2 Write y = 2x + 6, swap x and y to get x = 2y + 6, then solve for y. Subtract 6 to get x − 6 = 2y, then divide by 2: y = (x − 6)/2. Check it: f(1) = 8, and (8 − 6)/2 = 1.
Biology: In a eukaryotic cell, where is most ATP made during aerobic cellular respiration?
The mitochondria Glycolysis makes a small amount of ATP in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, which happen in the mitochondria, make most of it. That’s why mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell.
Biology: Two plants that are both heterozygous for one trait (Aa × Aa) are crossed. What fraction of the offspring is expected to show the recessive trait?
1/4 A Punnett square for Aa × Aa gives AA, Aa, Aa and aa, in a 1:2:1 ratio. Only aa shows the recessive trait, because one A is enough to show the dominant one. That’s 1 out of 4.
Principles of Marketing: A company decides to sell its new snack only through convenience stores and its own website. Which part of the marketing mix is this?
Place Place, also called distribution, is about where and how customers can buy the product. Choosing convenience stores and a website is a choice of sales channels. The other three Ps are about what’s sold, what it costs and how it’s advertised.
Financial Accounting: A business has total assets of $80,000 and total liabilities of $30,000. What is its owners’ equity?
$50,000 The accounting equation is assets = liabilities + equity. So equity = assets − liabilities = $80,000 − $30,000 = $50,000. It’s what would be left for the owners after paying every debt.
Principles of Management: A manager compares this month’s sales with the target and changes the plan when they fall short. Which management function is this?
Controlling Controlling means measuring results, comparing them with goals and correcting course when needed. Checking sales against a target and adjusting is exactly that. It’s one of the four classic functions, with planning, organizing and leading.
Spanish Language: A sign at a school says “Mañana no hay clases porque es día festivo.” What does it mean?
There are no classes tomorrow because it’s a holiday. “Mañana” here means tomorrow, “no hay clases” means there are no classes, and “porque es día festivo” means because it’s a holiday. Put together, school is closed tomorrow for a holiday.
United States · Exam